Compare and Contrast Psychological and Biological...

Compare and contrast psychological and biological explanations of schizophrenia. Jessica F Smith University Of Sussex Schizophrenia has been termed a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied etiologies (Walker, Kestler, Bollini, amp; Hochman, 2004) which includes biological, social, cognitive and psychodynamic perspectives. To progress knowledge of schizophrenia, this essay focuses on how the biological and psychological explanations are independent and interdependent and how they may differentiate from one another. This includes: how our biological predisposition, neuro transmitter dysfunction and genetic inheritance, affects how people with schizophrenia respond to social environments, the importance of socio-economic factors†¦show more content†¦However, MZ twins, who share 100% genetic material, could lead to them experiencing similar social environments, as family members treat them the same, suggesting that their concordance may have something to do with upbringing (Davey, 2011). More so, Mz twins are very rare and as schizophrenia has a prevelance of only 1% (Keith et al. 1991, cited by Walker et al 2004), the evidence is regarded from a small sample size and therefore cannot be generalised to the disorder. In relation to social ideas, research into adopted children has identified the importance of nurturing environments on preventing diagnosis (Tienari, Wynne, Moring, Lahti, 1994). Adoptive environments are often unorganised and adoptive relatives find it difficult to use acceptable communicative devices that enable patients with schizophrenia to communicate with them. This is an independent predictor of psychotic symptoms in adoptees (Wahlberg, Wynne, Hacko, et al, 2004). The social environment a human is brought up in influences the way they behave and develop. Patients with schizophrenia are found to be higher in population, in low socio-economic areas, (Lederbogen, Haddad, amp; Meyer-Lindenberg, 2013), which can reflect why they may develop schizophrenia. The life stressors that accompany living in a poor area, such as poverty, are likely to bring about psychotic symptoms, particularly in those who are vulnerable, causing these higher populations (Byrne, Agerbo, Eaton, amp;Show MoreRelatedMental Health History Of Schizophrenia2288 Words   |  10 Pageshaving a bad day,† a father recently wrote me, â€Å"when He allowed schizophrenia to come into existence.† E. Fuller Torrey, M.D. (Walsh, 1985) 1. History of schizophrenic theory Accounts of schizophrenia have been recorded all throughout human history. From Mesopotamia, ancient Greece, Rome and India, all the way through the 15th and 17th centuries (Walker, 2003). It is difficult to truly ascertain whether or not this was schizophrenia or other psychotic illnesses. My guess is it was probably both.Read MoreEssay on Nature vs Nurture: Twin Studies and Adoption1958 Words   |  8 Pagesnature- nurture debate. A tangent which is focused on in this essay is how the case studies of schizophrenia and IQ, specifically affect twin and adoption studies. This essay will firstly, give a brief outline of the nature-nurture debate and the definitions of twin and adoption studies. Secondly, it will illustrate two main case studies, which are IQ and Schizophrenia studies. Thirdly, will contrast and compare the two and research’s impact on the case studies in regards to nature vs. nurture and finallyRead MoreAbnormal Psychology Essay1646 Words   |  7 PagesAbstr act The following paper includes such topics of normal and abnormal psychology. Discussed with these topics are definitions of each as well as the similarities and differences between them both. Included here also is a discussion and explanation of two mental disorders and two mental illnesses all taken from the psychology perspective. As the reader will see, normal and abnormal psychology as well as the mental disorders and illnesses are common issues that could happen to any person or affectRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Various Models of Abnormal Functioning Using Evidence from Current Psychological Research.1908 Words   |  8 PagesCompare and contrast the various models of abnormal functioning using evidence from current psychological research. For many years scientists, including doctors, psychologists, and psychiatrists, have been interested in trying to understand human behaviour, in particular behaviour that is described as being ‘abnormal’. It is difficult to define ‘abnormal’ in terms of behaviour because there are many differing descriptions which have radically changed over the years. ‘Abnormal’ behaviour is widelyRead MoreWhat is normal about abnormality?1905 Words   |  8 Pages(1802-1887) for America, the practice is used worldwide; Psychodynamic - psychodynamism came about in the late nineteenth century by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that mental disorders were caused by internal factors, he looked at these as psychological rather than physical condition; Behavioural - Watson and Rayner (1920) cause could be environmental factors and the conditioning of fear or other conditions; and Cognitive – Bandura (1969) through observation. According to Jahoda (1958), firstlyRead MorePsychology : Psychopathology And Abnormal Behavior1827 Words   |  8 Pagesperspective that explains psychopathology better than other models continue to elicit varied debates. The prevalence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior is explained by the psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives. This paper will critically compare and contrast the precepts of psychodynamic and behavioral perspectives to determine their success in delineating the presentation and incidence of psychopathology and abnormal behavior. Challenges of Classifying Abnormal and Normal Behavior Behavior shiftsRead MoreTender Is The Night By F. Scott Fitzgerald1973 Words   |  8 PagesFitzgerald’s novel Tender is the Night (1934), has been understood as a study of the corruption of the American Dream through the psychological decline of the novel’s male protagonist, Dick Diver. From the outset, Dick appears a promising psychologist however his success is limited by the social and cultural climate of the 1920s. Milton Stern suggests that ‘the inner focus’ of the novel ‘is the disintegration of the disciplined and creative ‘romantic’ within the ruinous world of the selfish’. Stern’sRead MoreBio-Psychosocial Model of Health and Illness4506 Words   |  19 PagesWestern countries. The biomedical model of illness and healing focuses on purely biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. According to this model, good health is the freedom from pain, disease, or defect. It focu ses on physical processes that affect health, such as the biochemistry, physiology, and pathology of a condition. It does not account for social or psychological factors that could have a role in the illness. In this model, each illness has oneRead MoreGender Equality Is A Key Tool For Proceeding Development And Dropping Down The Level Of Poverty3131 Words   |  13 Pagesspeeches. This opinion assumes that feminity differences are completely socially built ideas, and that a central, gender-neutral social should be the goal of equality. Additionally, the differential conduct notion of likeness is the entitlement that biological differences do, in detail, exist as palpable and actual, and that organizing treatment about these modifications is not unsatisfactory, so extended as these organic differences are precisely defined. Another side is that equivalence is fair actionRead MoreEssay about Locus of Control and Social Behaviour2570 Words   |  11 PagesUnderstanding parents help enable children to feel protected, which assists them â€Å"pursue goals of love, praise and approval†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Crowne, 2009). Feelings of accomplishment are satisfying and can be linked later to higher levels of internal control. In direct contrast, children growing up in family environments that place high (and often unrealistic) demands tend to result in children developing a goal that is set too high (referred to as a minimal goal). Goals set too high inevitably results in repeated failures

Unions Vs. Non Unions Essay - 981 Words

Unions vs. Non Unions Beginning, in the early 18th Century, labor unions formed in order to benefit the working class during the industrial revolution in Europe. It is a natural human instinct to seek the company of others with similar aspirations. For years, men have formed organizations around common interests, including religious and political interests. The rise of capitalism in the U.S. made labor organization inevitable (Flagler, 17). In the early 19th Century in the United States, labor unions formed upon the founding of the National Labor Union in 1866, (Union Plus). Although this organization terminated early on, it was the catalyst to the rest of the labor unions extant today in our country. Despite their controversy, unions help the economy because the working class receives fair benefits, wages, and working conditions, all of which allow them to purchase goods and services. These purchases, in turn, help to employ more people. By being union members, workers tend to receive better benefits than nonunion workers. â€Å"Some 93 percent of unionized workers were entitled to medical benefits compared to 69 percent of their nonunion peers, according to the National Compensation Survey published last year by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics,† (Bank Rate what year is this citation). Additionally, â€Å"Workers with union representation also had 89 percent of their health insurance premiums paid by their employer for single coverage and 82 percent for family coverage. ForShow MoreRelatedUnion vs Non-Union1321 Words   |  6 PagesUnionized and non-unionized organizations are quite different in how they regulate pay increases for employees. In 2-4 pages explain each one s strengths and weaknesses. What impact do unions have on the workplace and do you think union membership is going to increase or decrease over the next few years? Unionized organizations:- Union is a group of workers who have come together to make collective decisions about their work and their working conditions. Unions work based on the idea that groupRead MoreHospital Union vs. Non Union795 Words   |  4 PagesLutheran Hospital in Des Moines is a non-union facility. Both facilities strive to give its patients excellent care but the working conditions vary somewhat due to the difference between a union and non-union facility. From Mary Greeley’s I interviewed Mrs. Lorna Hamilton, the Emergency/Security Management Coordinator and from the Iowa Lutheran Hospital I interviewed Mr. Jeffrey L. Bebensee, the Security Manager. Both managers were familiar with the labor unions effect on their workplaces. LornaRead MoreWage And Salary Issues Union Vs. Non Union Workers1308 Words   |  6 Pagespaper I will be discussing how unions help all workers when it comes to salary and wages. Unions have a substantial impact on the compensation and work lives of both union and non-union workers. I found a report where current data on unions effect on wages, benefits, total compensation, pay inequality and workplace protections. But I will be focusing on two areas in this paper, and that is wage and salary issues union vs non-union workers. What is a union? A labor union is an organization that actsRead MoreWhy Texas Race Racial Discrimination Is Because Of The Size Of Its Population Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages4.8 percent of total employment compared to New York 24.6 percent. Texas with more wages and salary workers of 11,205, only has 543 union members in 2014. On the other hand, New York has 8,060 workers, of which 1,980 are union members (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Texas with only 4.8 percent of union members in 2014 can easily be exposed to the risk of workplace discrimination. Generally, workers in unionized workplaces would be ableRead MoreWilliam Freehling, The South Vs. South1476 Words   |  6 PagesSouth Vs. The South The South vs. The South by William Freehling is a narrative that focuses on the civil war that affected a vast number of Southerners who opposed the Confederacy regardless of whether they were white or black. These ?anti-Confederates,? as termed by Freehling comprised Slaves and Boarder state whites who together formed half the southern population and were significant to the Union victory. By weakening the Confederacy military, contributing manpower and resources to the Union andRead MoreEssay on Case study: Local 28 vs. EEOC899 Words   |  4 Pages Case study: Local 28 vs. EEOC GB541: Employment Law Local 28 vs. EEOC 1. Is it clear to you why a court would be able to include in its remedies those who were not directly discriminated against by any employer? Yes, it is clear to me how and why the judge was able to include those who were not specificity directed by the company’s actions to be included in the outcome of the ruling. Title VII was put in place to help protect minorities in the workplace and those in search ofRead MoreSouth Vs. The South By William Freehling1461 Words   |  6 Pages The South vs. The South by William Freehling is a narrative that focuses on the civil war that affected a vast number of Southerners who opposed the Confederacy regardless of whether they were white or black. These â€Å"anti-Confederates,† as termed by Freehling comprised Slaves and Boarder state whites who together formed half the southern population and were significant to the Union victory. By weakening the Confederacy military, contributing manpower and resources to the Union and dividing the southernRead MoreUnion Organizing Case Study : Union1314 Words   |  6 PagesUnion Organizing Case Study Individuals have been at work for thousands and thousands of years. Over the last century there have been many changes in the United States that protects workers in their positions and the duties they perform. There has been many changes for employers as well that protects companies and organization and offers beneficial information to keep them in compliance with changes and away from any from and form of discrimination. Over the last century there has been the organizationRead MoreUnions Must Pay More Wages1431 Words   |  6 PagesUnions lead to higher prices for consumers since companies must pay more for wages and benefits, which are then passed on to customers. The cost of labour is like any other for a business. It must be added to the expenditures of the income statement, which leads to diminished profit margins or losses unless amounts can be raised to pass the costs onto consumers. Thus, when buying North American cars or buying any other product that comes from a unioni zed industry; we as a country pay for the increasesRead MoreThe Ensuing Conflict Of Labor Vs. Capital1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe ensuing conflict, between labor vs. capital, during the late 1800s initiated a struggle of power in the workforce between the rich-industrialists (or corporate leaders) and the middle-class/lower-class workers. The Capitalists had intervened with the protests orchestrated by the workers, ensuring that the power remains with them. The strategies of the industrialists and the unique ways of protesting from the workers, contributes to spur a vigorous argument between the employers and their employees

Technical Service Management Maliciously Attacked

Question: Discuss about theTechnical Service Managementfor Maliciously Attacked. Answer: There are innumerable cases that have been evidenced in different firms where the software of the company has been maliciously attacked. It is for this reason that the firm has to employ some stringent measures to see to it that appropriate action is taken to safeguard the security of the organization and all what it pertains it. The first step to realize this is to assesses the suitability of the security measures that has been adopted. After that has been done., it will be important to evaluate its efficacy and lastly designing software (Grnroos, 2007) to ensure that the whole firm including the Internal Network is well protected alongside the clients. Moreover, it will be ideal for the firm to be undertaking periodic evaluation of their system to ascertain that everything is in order as this will aid them to curb serious threat to its venture in advance. The process of evaluation aids one to assess the environment, protect ones servers and the client who are very instrumental for the success of the firm. The venture ought to adopt Group Policy Architecture which is a sophisticated means that ensures that the safety of the system is heightened for the smooth running of the activities within the specified system without any form of alterations (Laudon Laudon, 2004). The notable solution in this case is the end to end encryption which ids sophisticated in nature to curtail scamming threats. To conclude, it is incumbent to note that Windows 10 provides three major dichotomies of securities namely threat resistance, information protection and lastly security identities. References Grnroos, C. (2007).Service management and marketing: customer management in service competition. John Wiley Sons. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2004). Management information systems: Managing the digital firm.New Jersey,8.

Strategy for Envisioned Future

Question: Discuss about the Strategy for Envisioned Future. Answer: Organizational Structure The company follows an interaction model for their organizational structure. The company has a chief executive who looks after the entire operation of the company followed by coordinators in all the departments who are at the top level. The administrative directors, human resource manager, chief operator and the chief officer related to finance control all the operations at the middle level of the organization, which is followed by general managers at each of the departments. The lower level employees of the company consist of team members and the managers of the factories (Paula, 2014). Since the company uses this model, the flow of information is restricted to the superiors of each level. For example, the employees cannot directly share their concern with the chief executive officer of the company directly. It has to pass through a number of people in between before it reaches the ears of the top management. The various departments in the company consist of admin and HR department, finance department, operations department and consultation department. The organization is centralized where the staffs has to report online in the head office. The head office looks after all the informations and the necessary changes that need to be passed down to the various stores in the company (Nanayakkara et al., 2013). Organization Purpose The name Pak n Save has originated because of the practices they undertake with respect to the cost-saving tactics where the customers can pack the groceries in cardboard boxes. The company provides the cardboard boxes so that the products can be shipped to the store or to the supermarkets. Plastic bags are also available, which can be purchased for 10 cents from the North Island stores. The cost of plastic bags is 5 cents for the customers in South Island stores. The customers are encouraged to buy plastic bags that will last longer or they can carry their own bags while coming to store to purchase products (Isberg Pitta, 2013). The stores are located on the aisles of the supermarkets with practically no design to attract the customers. The products that are extra in the stores are not displayed on the shelves instead; they are kept on the top of the shelves in the pallets in which the products arrived in the shop. In this way, the floor space can be increased, which helps in the retail purpose. The products that are delivered to the stores come from the Foodstuffs distributor who has been a long-time supplier to the company (Milner, 2013). The stores of the company buy goods in excess, which means that the stores do not offer different varieties of goods to the customers. Thus, the choice of customers is very limited and has to be within the range of goods that are offered by the company. Some of the stores have the self-scanning system where the customers do not have to wait in line with the trolleys. Thus helps in reducing the time of checkout making the workplace very efficient (Day, Pearce Pearson, 2015). Policies and Procedures The company collects personal information from the customers on a regular basis, which enables the company to provide better services by sorting out the grievances of the customers. The company collects the personal information from the customers as it helps the company to provide an appropriate username and password to the customer to avail the website of the company. It helps the company to provide further assistance to the customers through the website. It informs the customers about the competitions and the promotions that will take place in the stores of the company on a regular basis, which will help in retaining the customer base. The company also provides additional information to its customers about the products and the services so that it helps in raising the interests of the customers (QC Smith, 2015). The company ensures that the personal information of the customers will not be disclosed to any other organization except when it will be an absolute necessity. The information can be disclosed with prior permission of the customer to the Foodstuffs North Island and South Island Limited who are the major suppliers of the company. They can disclose the information to the third parties if they find that the parties are in good faith and has been instructed by the law. The company will take permission from the customers by either sending them a mail or a text requesting their actions and interests. If the customer does not want the information to be shared then the customer needs to either reply to the mail or send a text to the company informing them about the same (Carter et al., 2013). Legal compliance The company ensures that every endeavor that it undertakes is done with accurate information and sometimes errors may occur in the process. In the same way, Foodstuffs who is the main supplier of the materials to the company is not liable for any loss that may arise directly or indirectly from the advice, information or omission or the negligence that may occur in the website of the company. The contents that are available in the website of the company are copyrighted and patented even if it is not mentioned on the site. The website is owned and operated by Pak n Save Supermarkets Limited (Devi et al., 2014). The site allows the customers to gather extra information about the stores, products, services, competitions and various promotions that the company undertakes to retain and expand the customer base. Apart from this, the company is not liable if the customers misuse the site for any other purpose (Randall, 2014). The company controls the accessibility of the website strictly and they can restrict the access of any customer without informing them on a prior notice. The company sees to it that the site is kept free from viruses and from unauthorized access as they do not want any discrepancies that may arise from the misuse of the website (Devi et al., 2014). The information on the site will be accurate and up to date in all respects related to the products and services of the company. The special offers that the company will offer will be available on the site on a prior notice so that the customers are informed about the promotions when the stocks are available in the stores. The laws of New Zealand govern the website and the courts have the exclusive rights to decide on the contents of the site (Al-Humam, 2015). Health and safety compliance Pak n Save takes in to account the health and safety of the employees within the organization. It is seen that the company has been involved with WorkSafe New Zealand to provide better working conditions for the employees and educate them to improve their skills in the workplace (Hours, 2015). This has seen an increase in the participation of the employees. The company has coordinated with the government agencies to enforce the tools that provide safety to the workers. The company has seen to it that the risks related to the certain jobs in the department is minimized and the employees have gained knowledge in mitigating the risk factor within the organization through proper training provided by the company. The employees can now understand and identify the risks and eliminates before any further hazards take place (Keddell, 2014). Risk Management Organization such as Pak n Save has to deal with a lot of risk in their operation and as a part of their business. The most significant risk that the organization has to face is the competition that exists in the market. The main competitors to the organization are Countdown and New World. The organization has to keep up with the market trends in order to stay ahead from its competitors. Since the organization mainly deals with food, there is also a risk of food contamination, which might lead to a strict action from the department of food and health of the country (Kaplan Mikes, 2012). The company needs to innovate and find out pioneering new ways to stay ahead of the competition. It needs to find out new strategy to bring in fresher and healthier alternatives to attract more customers. The other risk that the company faces is the contamination and mishandling of food items. The company can employ staff members to look after the hygiene factor in the packing and prepping of the foo d items. Installing CCTVs inside the office premises and a strict monitoring might help the company to achieve a proper hygiene standard (Lam, 2014). Sustainability The company has reduced their waste by 10.4 percent that is around 16.5 tons each year by nominating an efficient team that caters to monitoring of the waste and recycling of the waste materials. The company has installed recycling bins all around the office and store area so that the paper and plastic waste can be recycled. These bins are then emptied at a particular location from where the commercial recycling providers collect the waste and dispose it. From the point of view of conserving energy, the company has replaced all the 50 watt bulbs with 35 watts to reduce the consumption of energy. This has resulted in saving of approximately 2,000 kWh that is equivalent to $270 each year (Alkon et al., 2013). Two strategy options: Inclusion of organic food items: Organic food items are in high demand today due to increase in health consciousness among the people of New Zealand. The store should sell organic buns, pizzas and other food items at affordable prices. Organic food being more expensive compared to the conventional food will attract the affluent consumers. Thus, the retail chain will be able to cater to both the rich and the middle class and earn huge revenue. Expansion: New Zealand being a part of the rich economy of Australia attracts foreign retail chains. These retail chains compete with PAK'nSAVE for market penetration. These supermarket chains owing to their vast international market base and funds can distribute their costs and risk over a huge revenue base ("Aldi sticks to Australia - Business - NZ Herald News", 2017). Thus, they can offer goods at lower prices and yet earn higher profits. PAK'nSAVE should also expand beyond the boundaries of New Zealand and explore the profitable markets of Asia, Europe and America. The supermarket should promote its goods and services in its new markets to create a profitable consumer base (Volpe, 2013). Changes implemented in the Strategy The two strategies stated above for PAK'nSAVE will require the supermarket chain to chain and accelerate its structures, processes, resources and its marketing mix to cater to the international market and a global consumer base. Structure: The centralized organizational structure of the retail chain follows the interaction model. The chief executive who directs the midlevel departments of operations, administration, human resource and finance leads the company. The lowest rung contains the store managers and their teams. The lowest stratum people cannot approach or communicate with the upper level directly. Expansion into new markets will demand more decentralization and more empowerment of the store staffs to decide products as per the market requirements. The chain should also set up a department who will deal with the organic food items and their marketing(Alexander, 2015). Processes: PAK'nSAVE should change its mode of operations to adapt to the expansion into organic food items and exploring new markets. The company has a centralized line of command, which does not empower the store managers and sales staffs to take decisions though they have more knowledge about the buyers choice. Expansion will expose the supermarket chain to different macroeconomic factors and consumer bases with choices ways apart. PAK'nSAVE can follow the model of the British supermarket chain Aldi and allow the sales staff more power to decide on the offerings. This will help the company to cater to consumers better, which will earn more revenue (Minh, 2015). Resources: PAK'nSAVE should expand its operations into the foreign markets. This requires it to develop its organizational structure, technology, modes of operations, human resource and so on to suit the new increased needs so as not to strain its existing resources. The company should use the resources the host countries to produce its goods, which will lower its cost of operations. The company needs to acquire resources from the local markets and set up a global supply chain to accede to quality resources at affordable prices. Any other changes in the organization-new offices: PAK'nSAVE needs to enter new market by exporting its goods to those markets. Then in order to strengthen its position it must enter into joint venture with the companies in the market or establish subsidiary companies. It will require the company to expand its infrastructure into the new host country to ensure long-term business and profit. The company can follow the model of Marks Spencer to enter foreign market ("Welcome to Marks Spencer" 2017). Justification of the Strategies Plausibility: Since the strategy includes two parts: inclusion of organic food items in the menu and overseas expansion of business, it has be seen and judged whether these two options are plausible or not. The inclusion of organic food items in the menu of the company is important in the day and age of today as the majority of the population in this world today is health conscious and thus is inclined more intently on the healthier and fresher alternatives of food. The benefits of organic foods on health are widespread over the internet letting the people know about the goodness of the foods (Yang, Kueng Hong, 2015). Thus, if the organization wants to be popular and earn more profits, then it must focus its attention on the inclusion of organic food items. Overseas expansion is another strategy that can surely bring in a flood of profits to the organization. In this world of extreme competition where every company is trying hard to topple one another in the rat race of competition, it has become extremely important to find out different market options to expand the business in. Overseas expansion gives the business a chance to explore a market, which can give the business a new opportunity to gain revenues and popularity at the same time. It is seen that generally, markets that are not yet explored by similar business present a fantastic scope to spread out the business and achieve maximum profit and revenue (Chu, KrishnaKumar Khosla, 2014). Feasibility: The two strategies as discussed in the above paragraphs have to be checked for feasibility as without being feasible, these strategies can have no effects (Lockwood Walton, 2013). The availability of resources is an important factor in implementing the strategies. To implement the strategy of introducing organic food items in the menu, resources that are needed are: a good plan to implement the strategy, the professionals in the required sector who can look after the steps that can monitor the procedure of inclusion of organic food items in the menu. The risk involved in this strategy is the improper inclusion of the organic food items and also the contamination of the saleable products. Since the organic food items are without any preservatives or pesticides, it has to be sold fresh. Therefore, there is a high chance of contamination through the food items, which might pose a threat for the company (Dora et al., 2013). The strategy that needs to be developed, requires to consider t his point before any planning and execution of the same. Next, is the strategy of expansion. Expansion requires a lot of planning and careful execution in order to be successful. The expansion of the business requires proper analyzing and systematically carrying out the plan for successful expansion. For an expansion, a proper review of the target market, analysis of the demand of the product in the target market, the analysis of the bargaining capacity of the consumer, the bargaining capacity of the suppliers and the environmental and the governmental factors that govern the decision and the strategy of expansion of the business. Expansion of business is an integral part of business since it is essential for the development and growth of business (Verbeke, 2013). Pak n Save is an organization, which mainly deal with food items and present the customers with different options for choosing and has a simplistic approach to the customers to cut cost and attract the consumers with low pricing. It often loses out to other competitors due to the lack of the glamour that is present in other stores. It can therefore implement steps to bring in the glamour quotient by introducing various methods to renovate the stores and thus increasing the aesthetic value of the stores, which can lead to attracting more consumers (McGrath, 2013). Expansion Strategy The company needs to expand its business operation so that the people across the globe can purchase products from these outlets. This will result in maximizing the profits of the company. The global expansion will lead the company to explore different kinds of market, which will help in competing with different types of brand. Since, the company allows goods to be bought at a cheaper price, the focus of the expansion needs to be on the developing countries. This will ensure that the company earns good returns on their investment because these markets will favor the company as they provide many benefits and perquisites to the customers. This will result in the success and popularity of the company in these countries. 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(2015). A temporal analysis of the spatial clustering of food outlets around schools in Christchurch, New Zealand, 1966 to 2006.Public health nutrition,18(01), 135-142. Devi, A., Eyles, H., Rayner, M., Mhurchu, C. N., Swinburn, B., Lonsdale-Cooper, E., Vandevijvere, S. (2014). Nutritional quality, labelling and promotion of breakfast cereals on the New Zealand market.Appetite,81, 253-260. Dora, M., Kumar, M., Van Goubergen, D., Molnar, A., Gellynck, X. (2013). Food quality management system: Reviewing assessment strategies and a feasibility study for European food small and medium-sized enterprises.Food Control,31(2), 607-616. Hours, W. C. (2015). From the Chief Executive. Isberg, S., Pitta, D. (2013). Using financial analysis to assess brand equity.Journal of Product Brand Management,22(1), 65-78. Kaplan, R. S., Mikes, A. (2012). Managing risks: a new framework. Keddell, H. (2014).A demonstration of how the Healthy Heart visual food guide can be affordably used by low-income families in New Zealand(Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago). Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Lockwood, T., Walton, T. (2013).Building design strategy: using design to achieve key business objectives. Skyhorse Publishing, Inc. McGrath, R. G. (2013).The end of competitive advantage: How to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business. Harvard Business Review Press. Milner, P. (2013). Work Patnerships that Work. Minh, N. D. (2015). Lean Management Model in Retail Business The Case of Supermarkets in Hanoi. Nanayakkara, A., Mcbreen, B., Margetts, K., Mead, J., Mehrtens, J., Pengelly, M., ... Stewart, G. (2013). Wikileeks: Digging up Secrets of Fruit and Vegetable Prices at Markets and Supermarkets in Wellington and Christchurch. Paula, A. (2014). Corporate brand coherency: examining the effects of the advertising congruence antecedent on consumer attitudes. QC, H. C. F., Smith, H. D. N. (2015). AIDE MEMOIRE.Policy,4(901), 8749. Randall, J. (2014).Impacts of Early Childhood Education Social Obligations on Families and Whanau(Doctoral dissertation, University of Waikato). Verbeke, A. (2013).International business strategy. Cambridge University Press. Volpe, R.J., 2013. Promotional competition between supermarket chains.Review of Industrial Organization,42(1), pp.45-61. Welcome to Marks Spencer. (2017). Marksandspencer.com. Retrieved 6 March 2017, from https://www.marksandspencer.com/ Yang, M. J., Kueng, L., Hong, B. (2015).Business Strategy and the Management of Firms(No. w20846). National Bureau of Economic Research.